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'Root canal' is often touted as one of the most painful dental procedures. The mere name is enough to give people jitters and prevent them from seeing their dentist no matter how painful their tooth ache is. However, avoiding a trip to dental clinic means facing the inevitable root canal treatment sooner or later. In worse circumstances, you may risk losing your tooth if you do not pay attention to your dental problems. Incidentally, root canal procedures are no longer painful and have become one of the most commonly done dental procedures all over the world. In this article, we will uncover a few facts about root canal treatment.

What is a Root Canal                                                                         

Root canal is essentially a term used to define natural cavity within a tooth. This cavity consists of soft pulp, which contains the nerve, blood vessels and connective tissue. The pulp helps the tooth to grow out during the development phase. However, once the tooth erupts completely from gums, the pulp does not have any functional purpose. The nerve functions only as a sensor to hot or cold stimulus. In short, the tooth can survive without pulp.

Why Root Canal Treatment is Necessary

At times, the pulp may get infected due to a damaged nerve or injury to surrounding tissue. In that case, bacterial growth may lead to formation of abscess. Some of the physical symptoms of this condition may include red, painful gums, severe, acute tooth pain and swelling around the infected tooth. The pain may get triggered when you eat hot or cold food. Also, the pain may subside for a few days and may return again. However, one must understand that disappearance of pain is not an indication that the tooth has healed. You should pay due attention to your tooth condition as tooth abscess may lead to loss of tooth, if not treated on time.

What is Root Canal Treatment

Root Canal treatment is a dental procedure used to save the affected tooth from permanently getting damaged or decayed. The treatment involves removal of infected pulp from the root canal. The cavity is then cleaned and disinfected. It is then sealed with an artificial material and a crown is placed over the tooth. A root canal treatment renders a natural appearance to the tooth and it can function in pretty much the same way as any other tooth. Root canal treated teeth can last as long as other teeth. Root canal treatment can also save other teeth from getting infected. Besides, it also saves you from losing tooth, which can impede your biting or even alignment of other teeth.

What to Expect in a Root Canal Treatment

Root canal treatment is a normal dental procedure which can be completed within 2 - 3 sittings, depending upon the condition of your tooth. Firstly, the dentist will take an X-Ray to determine the state of tooth and nature of infection. He may prescribe medicine to cure infection before proceeding to the actual treatment. During actual treatment your dentist will execute anesthesia to numb your tooth and surrounding area.. He will then clean and disinfect the root canal cavity and then fill an artificial material to seal it. During the next sitting he will place a crown atop the tooth to give it a natural look and feel.

Always trust a reliable dental clinic and a qualified dentist to perform root canal treatment on your teeth.

When treating patients, dentists may order for production of several dental restorations that are required for the treatment. Such restorations are usually produced by certified dental laboratories using advanced dental lab technology. When such a restoration is required, a dentist has to send a copy of the prescription specifying the treatment that the patient is undergoing, along with the items to be manufactured and also mold of the patients’ teeth or mouth to the laboratory, which would be used as a measurement. Dental laboratory technology is used by the lab technician to create the exact item.

Certain specific standards with regard to quality assurance, safety, manufacturing and business practices need to be followed by such certified dental laboratories. Here are certain facts to know about these laboratories before using their services:

• It is important to find out if such laboratories have the license and are authorized to carry on such activities.

• You should check if excellent and qualified technical support is being used in the laboratory for production of various products.

• The laboratory should uphold safety and quality standards with regard to the products used and the processes followed for creating the various items as per dentists’ prescriptions.

• The dental lab should maintain proper record of the various products it uses, their manufacturing and expiry date as well as the brands of such products. It should be ensured that quality products are used, which won’t pose any health hazard to the patient.

• It should meet different government regulations imposed on such laboratories and maintain proper records of the same.

• It should be monitored to see if the certified dental laboratories have trainings on infection control and that all their staff has mandatorily attended such training and procedures and applies such knowledge while producing products required in the treatment.

• The lab should have a remake policy in writing.

• The fact that the laboratory provides expertise in the specific areas should also be stated.

• It will be best if The laboratory have the latest machines like a milling machine, 3D Dental scanner, CAD/CAM software etc. which gives a better result in less time.

A certified dental laboratory (CDL) should check all these above pointers and use modern dental laboratory technology to provide the patients with excellent service in dental care. Such a lab takes pride in its professionalism and top-notch quality as its certification represents it to be in the top rungs of its industry. In case your dentist uses a CDL, you can have the confidence of knowing that the lab in question meets the specific standards and uses modern dental laboratory technology to offer outstanding services and facilities.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article must be used for reference purpose only. It is not intended to provide a substitute for an expert's medical advice.

A whopping 10 million wisdom teeth are removed every year! Interestingly, a majority of them aren't deemed an absolute necessity. The dental health fraternity is divided into two sections when it comes to wisdom tooth extractions. One section, mostly comprising dental surgeons defends the necessity of wisdom tooth removal while other non surgeon dentists challenge this solution that is prescribed regardless of the nature of wisdom tooth problem. Thus, it is very confusing to decide if you really need a wisdom tooth extraction. You would also want to know if there is any other substitute treatment for wisdom tooth problems other than removal. Let us take a look at the scenarios in which wisdom tooth removal becomes an absolute necessity.

 When Should Wisdom Teeth Be Removed

Wisdom teeth typically erupt during teen years of a person's life. It is also normal for wisdom teeth to erupt after the person is well into his adulthood. The peculiarity of wisdom teeth is that they may take few months to several years to fully erupt. Since, the other teeth are fully erupted and functional by this time, eruption of wisdom teeth may lead to minor to severe dental problems. Some of the common problems are listed in this article.

Pain, Swelling, Discomfort

It is important to find the underlying cause of pain and swelling. It could be due to the fact that wisdom teeth have no place to erupt and are damaging the jaw or gums. Swelling, redness is often a sign of infection and must be treated on priority. Your dentist will often diagnose the cause of pain before right away recommending a tooth extraction.

X-Ray Indicating Possible Problems

If your wisdom teeth are not fully erupted, your dentist will still know if they could pose a possible problem by looking at the X-ray. Many teenagers are advised to undergo a removal surgery at this stage to avoid discomfort in future. This precautionary measure can also prevent the possible misalignment of teeth.

Damage to Jaw, Gums

If wisdom teeth do not have required space to grow, they may damage your gums or jaws while erupting. Besides, if they do not grow in proper direction, you may have trouble locking your jaws. This could lead to difficulty while eating. Removal becomes essential if physical discomfort also persists.

Disruption to Teeth Alignment

Wisdom teeth push other teeth while erupting, if the space is already crowded. If you have a smaller jaw, the chances are that your wisdom teeth may disrupt the alignment of your other teeth. This could be an annoying problem for teenagers who may have undergone orthodontic procedures to align their teeth.

All the above conditions provide a solid ground for taking out your wisdom teeth. Your dentist will be the best person to gauge your condition and suggest remedy.

About Author:

Oracare Dental Centre: A dental clinic based in Pune, India offers you a pleasant experience in regards to your dental needs. Oracare features state of the art technological equipments doubled up with some of the best dentists that Pune has to offer. Rest assured for a pain free treatment at one of the best dental clinics in Pune, Oracare.

Dentists play a very important role in our lives by fixing our dental problems and help us sport that perfect smile. Hence, it is very important for the dental labs to be equipped with the latest technologies and dental lab equipments to ensure that the patients get treated fast and with ease. It is equally essential to maintain hygiene and safety while carrying out any dental procedure to avoid infections and other serious health complications.  This is why protective equipment should be used and equipments disinfected properly before and after every use.

When a dental care unit is set up with the motive of taking excellent care of patients, certain laboratory equipments are required to be present for the dentist to perform the procedures on the patients. Equipments such as scale, drills, mirrors, picks, suction tubes, air compressors, dental scanners, sintering furnaces, milling machines and the likes are required compulsorily for the treatment of the patients safely and easily.

Dental lab equipments used may not be the same in each dental care units as it all depends on the procedure that is practiced in a specific unit. While some units deal with a very limited set of dental problems and issues, some others may have a broader scope. Hence, based upon the services that the dentists wish to offer, the decision to buy dental lab equipments is taken. For instance, some basic dental lab equipments that a dental care unit should have include specialty chair for patients, X-ray machines, masks, gloves, trays, water lines, dental syringes etc. Units with a wide scope of work may also use advanced dental laboratory technology such as pinhole drills, articulators, ultrasonic cleansers, oral vibrators, electric waxers, water baths, pneumatic chisels, ceramin oven and much more so that better care of patients can be taken.

Teeth are very strong. Think about it: they chomp cookies, crackers, on shelled nuts, tough meat, gooey caramels, large lolly pops – you name it, your teeth have probably conquered it.

Until they meet their match.

Most people never break or chip a tooth. But many people do. Sometimes the cause is as innocuous as biting down on an errant unpopped popcorn kernel.

Sometimes it’s caused by doing something you should never do, such as pop a beer bottle cap off with your teeth.

Sometimes we fall down and break a tooth. Or something hits us hard in the mouth.

No matter the cause, take a look below for tips on what to do if you break or chip a tooth.

• First of all, don’t be surprised if you don’t feel any pain. Minor fractures usually don’t cause pain; you probably will feel pain if a large piece of your tooth breaks off. If you do feel pain it may be constant…or not: the pain could come and go. Most people will feel some discomfort when chewing.
• So how can you know if you chipped/broke a tooth? Your tongue undoubtedly will feel the jagged/broken edge of the tooth.
• If you see that your tooth is “just” cracked, you may think it’s Ok to skip the visit to your dentist, but you should see a dentist as soon as possible. In addition, chances are that you’ll be in pain. If the pain is constant, that could be a sign that you’ve damaged blood vessels or a nerve in your tooth. This is a serious matter and you should see a dentist as soon as you can.
• You’ll definitely need to visit a dentist if you’ve broken a tooth.  The dentist will take a look and determine if the tooth’s nerve is in danger. (If it is, you probably will need to undergo a root canal).

A broken tooth means there’s definitely a dentist visit in your future!

• As you make your way to the dentist’s office, do all you can to find the tooth, or its broken bits, and bring it to the dentist’s office with you.
• Rinse your mouth repeatedly with warm water.
• Your mouth probably will bleed; apply pressure for about 10 minutes or until the bleeding stops. Use a piece of clean gauze on the wound and apply pressure. If this doesn’t stop the bleeding, place a tea bag on the wound and apply pressure.
• To reduce swelling and relieve pain, apply a cold pack to your lips or cheek over the broken tooth.
• If you can’t get to the dentist quickly, head to the drugstore and purchase temporary dental cement. Cover the part of your tooth that remains in your mouth with the cement.
• While at the drugstore, if you’re in pain, purchase an over-the-counter pain reliever.
• If you need to eat, eat only soft foods and chew on the side of your mouth opposite of the broken tooth.

By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

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Introduction :

 Mental attitude of the patient is important in diagnosis and treatment planning

1.Cornell Medical index id a health questionnaire used to obtain a large amount of relevant medical and psychiatric information

2.Psychological testing [ Psychometrics] is a field characterised by use of behaviour samples to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of an individual.

3.Graphology is described as a scientific study and analysis of hand writing ,art of interpreting character and personality from pecularities in Hand writing -GARDNER 1977

4.First serious treatise on Hand writing analysis -1622- By Camillo Baldo -"How to Judge the nature and character of a person from his letter "

Classification :

1.Blum In 1960 - [Sharry 1974]

1.reasonable /unreasonable

2.Realistic/Unrealistic

The psychological changes assosciated with ageing were well described by BURDACH [1819]

2.M.M House classification 

a.The Philosophical patient 

b.The Exacting 

c.Indifferent

D.The Hysterical

3.Heart well classification 

a.the realists

b.the resenters

c.the resigned

4.Dr.Suzanne Richard Classification [1957]

a. the Mature group

b.The rocking chair group

c.the armoured 

d.the angry men

e.the self haters

4.Winklers Traits of an ideal patient 

5.Simon Gamer's Classification 

-Modification of House classification 

a.Level of involvement

b.Level of trust

+ -disengaged

+++- reasonably engaged [ideal patient ]

engagementt -++++.trust ++ -- Submitter

engagement ++, trust ++ -Reluctant

eng -+ ,trust + - Indifferent

engagement-++++.trust + - Resistant 

++++- over involovement

6.Pankey system by Dr.L.D Pankey

Class I -High level Dental I.Q

Class II - Good dental I.Q

Class III- Poor Dental I.Q

Class IV-  Very Low Dental I.Q

7.O'Shea Classification 

a.Complaint

b.Sophisticated

c.Responsive

8.Koper classification

a.Problem patients

b. Difficult denture wearers

Jamieson stated that fitting the personality of the aged patient is often more difficult than fitting the prostheses to the patient mouth .

Krochack, recognizing the critical need to understand the behaviour of the edentulous patient stated that many patients with favourable anatomy cannot tolerate a well fabricated prosthesis and yet other patient with unfavourable anatomy willing endure prosthesis that may be ill fitting. He asserted that the inconsistencies of patient adaptation in this situation may be related to the patient psychological state .

Kent stated that the ability of a doctor to determine when a patient has unrealistic expectation and the ability to manage that interaction effectively may avert a conflict

A specific classification system has been presented to identify response by individuals who are edentulous. Three types of maladaptive responses are considered as probable consequences of fear, anxiety and depression associated with complete edentulism. In class1, the patient adapts physically but is maladaptive psychologically. In maladaptive class 2, the so called difficult patients is maladaptive physically and psychologically and there by keeps the doctor involved technically and emotionally for a protracted period of time . The maladaptive class 3 patient collapses with complete edentulisim. Physical and emotion maladaptibility is accompanied by much suffering and social withdrawal

Specifications and Technical Reports

    * Specifications and Technical Reports

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 1—Alloy for Dental Amalgam: 2003

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 6—Dental Mercury: 1987 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12—Denture Base Polymers: 2002 (Reaffirmed 2008)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 15—Artificial Teeth for Dental Prostheses: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 17—Denture Base Temporary Relining Resins:1983 (Reaffirmed 2006)

    * ADA Specification No. 18—Alginate Impression Materials: 1992

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 19—Dental Elastomeric Impression Materials: 2004

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 23 (with Addendum)—Dental Excavating Burs: 1982 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 25—Dental Gypsum Products: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ADA Specification No. 26—Dental X-Ray Equipment: 1991

    * ADA Specification No. 27—Resin-Based Filling Materials: 1993

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 28—Root Canal Files and Reamers, Type K: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 30—Dental Zinc Oxide - Eugenol and Zinc Oxide - Non-Eugenol Cements: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 32—Orthodontic Wires: 2006

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 33—Dental Product Standards Development Vocabulary: 2003

    * ADA Specification No. 34—Dental Aspirating Syringes: 1978

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 37—Dental Abrasive Powders: 1986 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 38—Metal-Ceramic Dental Restorative Systems: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 39—Pit and Fissure Sealants: 2006

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 41—Recommended Standard Practices for Biological Evaluation of Dental Materials: 2005

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 43—Electrically Powered Dental Amalgamators: 1986 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ADA Specification No. 44—Dental Electrosurgical Equipment: 1979

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 46—Dental Patient Chair: 2004

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 47—Dental Units: 2006

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 48—Visible Light Curing Units: 2004 (Reaffirmed 2009)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 48-2—LED Curing Lights: 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 53—Polymer-Based Crown and Bridge Materials: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 54—Double-Pointed, Parenteral, Single Use Needles for Dentistry: 1986 (Reaffirmed 2009)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 57—Endodontic Sealing Material: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2006)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 58—Root Canal Files, Type H (Hedstrom): 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 62—Dental Abrasive Pastes: 2005

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 63—Root Canal Barbed Broaches and Rasps: 2006

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 69—Dental Ceramic: 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 70—Dental X-Ray Protective Aprons and Accessory Devices: 1999 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 71—Root Canal Filling Condensers (Pluggers and Spreaders): 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 73—Dental Absorbent Points: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 74—Dental Operator's Stool: 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 75—Resilient Lining Materials for Removable Dentures - Part 1: Short Term Materials: 1997 (Reaffirmed 2003)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 76—Non-Sterile Natural Rubber Latex Gloves For Dentistry: 2005 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 78—Dental Obturating Cones: 2006

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 80—Dental Materials - Determination of Color Stability: 2001 (Reaffirmed 2008)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 82—Dental Reversible/Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impression Material Systems: 1998 (Reaffirmed 2009)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 85-Part 1—Disposable Prophy Angles: 2004

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 87—Dental Impression Trays: 1995 (Reaffirmed 2003)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 88—Dental Brazing Alloys: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2006)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 89—Dental Operating Lights: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 94—Dental Compressed Air Quality: 1996 (Reaffirmed 2003)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 95—Root Canal Enlargers: 2003 (Reaffirmed 2009)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 96—Dental Water-based Cements: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 97—Corrosion Test Methods: 2002 (Reaffirmed 2008)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 99—Athletic Mouth Protectors and Materials: 2001 (Reaffirmed 2007)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 100—Orthodontic Brackets and Tubes: 2004 (Reaffirmed 2009)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 101—Root Canal Instruments: General Requirements: 2001 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 102—Non-Sterile Nitrile Gloves: 1999 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 103—Non-Sterile Poly Vinyl Chloride Gloves For Dentistry: 2001 (Reaffirmed 2010)

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 105—Orthodontic Elastomeric Materials: 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 108—Amalgam Separators: 2009

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 109—Procedures for Storing Dental Amalgam Waste and Requirements for Amalgam Waste Storage/Shipment Containers: 2006

    * ADA Technical Report No. 110—Standard Procedures for the Assessment of Laser-induced Effects on Oral Hard and Soft Tissue: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 113—Periodontal Curettes, Dental Scalers and Excavators: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 116—Oral Rinses: 2010

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 119—Manual Toothbrushes: 2008

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 120—Powered Toothbrushes: 2009

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 122—Dental Casting and Baseplate Waxes: 2007

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 125—Manual Interdental Brushes: 2009

    * ANSI/ADA Specification No. 126—Casting Investments and Refractory Die Materials: 2009

Definition :

“The creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on

the nanometer scale (1-100 nm), and exploitation of novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical and biological) at that length scale”.

-Indian Journal of Multidisciplinary Dentistry, Vol. 1, Issue 5, July-August 2011

Introduction

Ò  The term “Nanotechnology” was coined by Prof. Kerie E.Drexler

Ò   «Nano»-the Greek word - “dwarf”.

Ò   Nanotechnology- science of manipulating matter measured in the manometer, roughly the size of 2 or 3 atoms

Ò  The basic idea of nanotechnology- to employ individual atoms and molecules to construct functional structures.

Ò  The late Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard P. Feynman in his historic lecture in 1959,

“this is a development which I think cannot be avoided”

Classification

1.Nanoelectronics

2.Nanomaterials/particles

3.Nanobiotechnology

Nanoelectronics :

Ò  Use Of nanotechnology on electronic components,especially transistors,computer processors etc.

Nanomaterials :

Ò  Essentially Polymers Reinforced by nanoparticles

Ò  Results in  novel materials –used as light weight replacements for metal

Ò  Can affect the mechanical properties like Stiffness or elasticity

The various nanoparticles are

Ò  1. Nanopores

Ò  2. Nanotubes

Ò  3. Quantum dots

Ò  4. Nanoshells

Ò  5. Dendrimers

Ò  6. Liposomes

Ò  7. Nanorods

Ò  8. Fullerenes

Ò  9. Nanospheres

Ò  10. Nanowires

Ò  11. Nanobelts

Ò  12. Nanorings

Ò  13. Nanocapsules

Classification of Nanomaterials :

1.Carbon based

2.Metal based

3.Dendrimers

4.Composites

Ò  Nano assemblers –smaller than cell nucleus

Ò  Potential

Ò  Customisation of diagnosis and treatment

Nanodiagnostics –

 is the use of nanodevices for the early disease identification or predisposition at cellular and molecular level

in-vitro diagnostics,

Ò  increase the efficiency and reliability of the diagnostics

Ò   uses human fluids or tissues samples by using selective nanodevices, to make multiple analyses at subcellular scale

In vivo diagnostics,

Ò  devices able to work inside the human

1.to identify the early presence of a disease,

2. to identify and quantify toxic molecules, tumor cells

NANODENTISTRY

Ò  maintenance of comprehensive oral health by employing nanomaterials, including tissue engineering, and ultimately,dental nanorobots.

Ò  1.local anaesthesia,

Ò  2. dentitionrenaturalization, and permanent hypersensitivity cure,

Ò  3.Complete orthodontic realignments during a single office visit,

Ò  4. covalently bonded diamondised enamel,

Ò  5. continuous oral health maintenance using mechanical dentifrobots

Nanomaterials in dentistry

1.Nano composites

2.Nanosolution

3.Impression materials

4.Nanoencapsulation

5.Local nanoanesthesia

6.Dentinal hypersensitivity

7.Tooth durability and appearance

8.Orthodontic treatment

Uses of Nanomaterials in dentistry:

Ò  Nano impression materials

Ò  Nano bonding agents

Ò  Nano drug releasing systems

Ò  Nano composites

Ò  Nano Ceramics

Ò  Nano Sterilizing agents

Ò  Dental implants

Nanocomposites :

Ò  nonagglomerated discrete nanoparticles that are homogeneously distributed in resins or coatings to produce nanocomposites

Ò  The nanofiller used is

Ò   aluminosilicate powder having a mean particle size of 80 ran

Ò  a 1:4 M ratio of alumina to silica and

Ò   a refractive index of 1.508.

Advantages:

• Superior hardness

• Superior flexural strength, modulus of elasticity andtranslucency

• 50% reduction in filling shrinkage

• Excellent handling properties

Nanosolution:

Ò  Nanosolutions produce unique and

dispersible nanoparticles, which can be used in bonding agents.

Ò  Ensures homogenecity and ensures that the adhesive is perfectly mixed everytime

Nanoencapsulation

Ò  targeted release systems that encompass nanocapsules including novel vaccines, antibiotics and drug delivery with reduced side effects

Ò  targeted delivery of genes and drugs to human liver -developed by Osaka University in Japan 2003

Ò  Engineered Hepatitis B virus envelope L particles were allowed to form hollow nanoparticles displaying a peptide that is indispensable for liver-specific entry by the virus in humans.

Ò  Future specialized nanoparticles could be engineered to target oral tissues, including cells derived from the periodontium

Local nanoanaesthesia

Ò  colloidal suspension containing millions of active analgesic micron-size dental robots will be instilled on the patient’s gingiva.

Ò   After contacting the surface of crown or mucosa,the ambulating nanorobots reach the pulp via the gingival sulcus, lamina propria and dentinal tubules

Ò  Once installed in the pulp, the analgesic dental robots may be commanded by the dentist to shut down all sensitivity in any particular tooth that requires treatment.

Ò  After oral procedures are completed, the dentist orders the nanorobots to restore all sensation, to relinquish control of nerve traffic and to egress from the tooth by similar pathways used for ingress

Dental hypersensitivity

Ò  Natural hypersensitive teeth have eight times higher surface density of dentinal tubules and diameter with twice as large than nonsensitive teeth.

Ò  Reconstructive dental nanorobots, using native biological materials, could selectively and precisely occlude specific tubules within minutes, offering patients a quick and permanent cure

Tooth durability and appearance

Ò  Durability and appearance of tooth may be improved by replacing upper enamel layers with covalently bonded artificial materials such as sapphire or diamond, which have 20-100 times the hardness and failure strength of natural enamel or contemporary ceramic veneers and good biocompatibility.

Ò  Nanorobotic dentifrice (dentifrobots) delivered by mouthwash or toothpaste could patrol all supragingival and subgingival surfaces at least once a day metabolizing trapped organic mater into harmless and odorless vapors and performing continuous calculus debridement.

Orthodontic treatment :

Ò  Orthodontic nanorobots could directly manipulate the periodontal tissues, allowing rapid and painless tooth straightening, rotating and vertical repositioning within minutes to hours

Nanotechnology in Dental Implants:

Ò  Coating of nanoparticles over the dental implants.

Ò  The surface of the implant plays a critical role in determining biocompatibility and biointegration because it is in direct contact with the tissues.

Ò  Implant surface composition

Ò   surface energy

Ò  surface roughness

Ò  surface topography

-the four material related factors which can influence events at bone-implant interfaces.

Ò  Surface textures are of three types- macro, micro and nano

Ò  Nanostructured (NS) materials contain a large volume fraction (>50%) of defects such as grain boundaries, inter phase boundaries, and dislocations, and this strongly influences their chemical and physical properties.

Ò  Biomimetic dental implants may be the next development in the field.

Ò  Coating implants with nanotextured titanium, hydroxy apatite, and pharmacological agents such as bisphosponates –

1. may induce cell differentiation and proliferation and

2. may promote greater vascularity in highly cortical bone,

-improves conditions for early and long-term

Ò  (in response to functional loading) bone remodeling

Ò  Successful osseointegration is influenced by both the chemical composition and the surface geometry or topography of the implant

Ò  Surface nanotopography affects cell interactions at surfaces and alters cell behavior when compared to conventional sized topography

Ò  Nanoscale topography is a powerful way of altering protein interactions with the surface.

Methods of Synthesis of Implant Nanomaterials:

1.Top down                            2.Bottom up

Top down: Produced from larger structures by use of ultrafine grinders,lasers and vaporisation followed by cooling

Bottom up: Arranging molecules to form complex structures with new and useful properties

Imaging of nanomaterials:

Ò  X-ray diffraction[XRD]

Ò  Atomic force microscopy[AFM]

Ò  Scanning electron microscope[SEM]

Ò  Transmission electron microscopy[TEM]

Ò  Magnetization measurements

Ò  Nuclear magnetic reasonance[NMR]

Ò  Spectroscopy

Ò  2-D electrophoresis and Mass spectrometry of proteins

Ò  Confocal Microscopy

Nanobiotechnology :

Ò  Nanorobotics

Nanorobots are theoretical microscopic devices measured on the scale of nanometers (1 nm equals one millionth of 1 mm).

Hazards of nano :

Ò  The potential deleterious effect analyzed so that expanded development and use

Ò  of nanotechnology can proceed.

Ò  rapid withdrawal of a nanotechnology-based

Ò  product, Magic Nano, a spray-on ceramic sealant to repel dirt.

Ò  Over 110 consumers in Europe reported respiratory symptoms after using the spray.The product was withdrawn in March 2006.

Synonyms : Spare denture, back-up denture.

TECHNIQUES :

There are mainly three techniques.

(1)Modified denture flask method-(Brewer and Morrow 1975)-

• Remove a rectangular section from the upper pat of the flask for the wax sprue.
• Add utility or orthodontic tray wax in thin areas in the external surface of the denture.
• 75mm long with a diameter of 15mm wax is rolled to make the sprue which is attached the lingual surface of the mandibular heel region.
• Apply adhesive on the interior surface of the flask to aid in the retention of alginate.
• Mix alginate and place in the lower part of the flask and the remaining alginate is painted on the interior of the denture.
• Place the denture in to the alginate in the flask with the sprue projecting out through the triangular opening and supporting the denture.
• After alginate has set, the other half of the flask is filled with another mix of alginate and the flask is closed.
• After alginate has set separate the flasks and remove the denture.
• Dry the tooth indentations using tissue paper and mix tooth coloured acrylic and add in to the indentations till the cervical region.
• Now assemble the flask together and mix pour type acrylic resin and pour it through one sprue hole till the other sprue hole fills.
• Gently rock the flask to avoid air entrapment. Sprue should be upward facing and the flask is immersed in warm water at 20psi for 30minutes

(2)Pour resin flask method (Boos and Carpenter 1974)-

• Attach the denture in the base of the flask using modeling clay.
• Place the counter and pour a mixture of alginate.
• Allow it to set.
• Open the flask and remove the clay.
• Mix alginate and pour it.
• Once the second pour of alginate is set open the flask and remove the denture.
• Mix tooth coloured self cure resin and pour it in the teeth indentation and later pink colour pour type resin the denture base area.

(3)The cup flask method(Wanger 1970) or zipper technique by singer (1975)-

• In this method a 12 ounce ceramic cup is used to duplicate the denture using hydrocolloids. Singer modified it by adding a dental floss to section the alginate.
• A  16 inch floss is dipped in melted orthodontic tray wax and this is placed 2-3mm below the border of maxillary denture and across the posterior region.
• In case of mandibular denture the 2 floss are used one on buccal side and another on lingual side and extend it to the sprue wax which is attached to the heel of the cast.
• Suspend the denture using two wooden rods.
• A modeling clay wedge is placed on the inner surface of the cup and the alginate is mixed with three times the water recommended by the manufacturer.
• Fill the cup with alginate and sink the denture in to it.
• Wooden rod and the clay wedge is removed and a stream of air is blown through the space of the clay wedge to remove the mold from the cup.
• Now the floss is pulled across the posterior border and flanges to section the mold in to two halves.
• Tooth coloured self cure resin is placed in the tooth indentations and the halves are assembled back in the cup.
• Through the sprue holes the pour type resin is mixed and poured.

Scanner is one of the most essential dental lab equipments that dentists require in order to perform dental surgeries. Dental scanner is an integral part of most dental operations, especially the complicated ones. The scanners deliver superior data with improved measurements. Although there are several imaging technologies that can be used for dental surgeries, the dental scanners are designed to create a 3D digital model, based on either an impression or a physical dental model. These scanners are one of the most revolutionary inventions of the dental laboratory technology. However, it's essential to know the features of an Identica scanner, as mentioned below, in case you are planning to buy one:

• Twin camera technology – The Identica scanner boasts of a function that obtains a single set of data with two high resolution cameras. This precise data is way more accurate as compared to other scanners that are equipped with a single camera.
• 3D white light scanner – These scanners are manufactured following the white light 3D scanning technology. This enables users to obtain clearer data than the conventional laser type scanners. White light scanning ensures noise free and clearer 3D data.
• Sharp margin line – With the help of the twin camera technology, the scanner is designed for optimal measurements of margin lines. With a superior arrangement of the 3D scanning module and the rotary stage, this scanner offers a margin line that’s way sharper than other types of scanners.
• Fast scanning speed – The Identica scanner is designed in such a way such that it can scan a single tooth model just within 1 to 2 minutes, while bridges take anywhere between 3 and 4 minutes. The scanner can scan any object, irrespective of the shape of the model.

With the help of these advanced features, an Identica scanner enhances the quality of the end product in dental CAD/CAM applications. Thanks to its high-precision 3D scanning and the use of excellent 3D measurement technology, the Identica scanner has revolutionized dental laboratory technology by optimizing production and cost efficiency for the laboratories.

If you have been looking for a high-end 3D scanners ideal for CAD/CAM applications, invest in an Identica scanner today!

Brushing teeth, a seemingly simple activity can have lasting effects upon your dental health. How you brush your teeth, how frequently you do it and whether you are doing it correctly or not are some of the deciding factors about your dental health. Naturally, a toothbrush plays a very important role in maintaining oral hygiene. Unfortunately, many people are ignorant about the correct type of brush for their teeth. Simply, dropping at a store and picking up a toothbrush in your favorite color doesn't help! Choosing the right toothbrush goes a long way in maintaining and improving your dental health and hygiene.

How to Choose a Right Toothbrush

Bristles

Most dentists agree that a soft bristled toothbrush can suffice the cleaning needs of most individuals. It gently removes the debris and plaque from the teeth. If you are not too comfortable using a soft bristled toothbrush, then we recommend you settle for a medium bristled brush. However, using a hard bristled toothbrush is totally unadvisable. It can damage your gums and rip off your tooth enamel. Apart from that, one should also take into account the material of the bristles. A synthetic, nylon bristled brush is better than natural one. Natural bristles are made of animal hair, which can promote breeding of bacteria.

Head

A toothbrush with a small, angular head is better than one with a larger head. A small head can easily access narrow areas and clean teeth that are inaccessible. Angular placement of bristles on the head means you can clean teeth from all directions. This can help in prevention of plaque, which can accumulate if not cleaned on time.

Handle

The handle of the brush should be long enough to hold comfortably. It should neither be too thick nor too thin to hold. A lightweight, plastic handle is very comfortable to use. It helps you to easily maneuver and clean from all directions.  

Electronic or Manual

The choice is entirely yours, as both the brushes can effectively clean teeth. If you do not know the correct brushing technique, then you can invest in an electronic toothbrush. However, a manual toothbrush is as effective if you brush properly.

Usually, it is recommended to replace your toothbrush every 3 - 4 months. If you brush frequently, you may have to replace it before. You should consider replacing your brush as and when you see signs of wearing out. These days, you can get brushes that change bristle color when it's time to replace. Thus, a good toothbrush and a proper brushing technique go a long way in preserving your dental care.

About Author:

Oracare Dental Centre: A dental clinic based in Pune, India offers you a pleasant experience in regards to your dental needs. Oracare features state of the art technological equipments doubled up with some of the best dentists that Pune has to offer. Rest assured for a pain free treatment at one of the best dental clinics in Pune, Oracare.

Wouldn’t it be nice if you could set a New Year’s resolution for 2015 that is simple, is quick and is easy to keep?

You can: all you need to do is resolve to brush your teeth twice a day and floss at least once a day.

That’s it. That is by far the BEST and easiest of any New Year’s resolution.

Here’s why: brushing and flossing (and visiting your dentist for teeth cleanings at least twice a year can go a long way to keeping you healthy and happy throughout all your life.

Here are just some of the benefits you’ll receive by following this simple practice of regularly brushing and flossing your teeth.

• You’ll have a much better chance of keeping all of your teeth (no implants or dentures for you!) for the rest of your life.
• Your teeth have a much less chance of becoming discolored (unsightly).
• Toothaches will be kept at a minimum (no cavities or periodontal disease to cause the pain).
• Your chances of having a heart attack or even stroke are minimalized because plaque (which is removed via brushing/flossing/regular professional cleanings) can’t become gingivitis, which can’t become periodontal disease which can’t then move dangerous bacteria into your blood stream, bacteria that can cause serious diseases, including heart disease and stroke.

Resolve to brush and floss your teeth each day and in 2015 and you’ve just made one of the easiest resolutions – and best – resolutions to keep this year.

So be kind to your future self – make your future self so proud of the you of today – by resolving to brush and floss each and every day!

In fact, why not take your oral healthcare resolution to the next level and see if you can’t also resolve to:

• Eat fewer sugar- and starch-laden foods such as cookies, candies, cakes, and sugared sodas and other drinks.
• Brush your tongue when you brush your teeth.
• Drink at least eight glasses (eight ounces each) of liquids each day that aren’t sugar-laden. This can include coffee, juice, water, etc.
• Visit your dentist at the first sign of discomfort. Don’t put this off, hoping it will go away on its own. It usually doesn’t and the sooner you can take care of a problem, the better.

Brush and floss each day and – we’re serious – you’ve pretty much covered any “take better care of my health this year” resolution you could make for 2015.

Photo courtesy of Danilo Rizzuti/FreeDigitalPhotos.net

In the current economic environment, you may think it is better to delay your dental care and save your money. You are not alone. One in three Americans are delaying visiting their dentists, according to a 2013 study entitled Aspen Dental Cost of Delay Study. If you fall in this category of patients, be informed this decision of your will cost you a lot of money in the future. The only way to save large dental care expenses down the road is to treat small dental problems and seek preventive dental care in a timely manner.

Alarming Statistics

While so many people are avoiding dental care, nearly 80 percent of them do know that this decision will cost them an arm and a leg in the future. And, just one in 10 Americans know that seeking routine dental care is crucial for their overall health and wellbeing. Did you know gum disease has been linked to several health problems, like stroke, diabetes and heart disease? So visiting your dentist every 6 months for a checkup not only will keep dental problems at bay, but also help you avoid serious health conditions.

Unfortunately, 61 percent workers with income less than $35,000 do not have dental insurance. So, this can be a reason for such families to avoid visiting dentists, as even routine dental checkup costs money that they can ill-afford to spend.

Every year, dental-related health problems are responsible for 20.5 million missed working days, according to the annual report of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources. And, children studying in school miss 51 million hours of school due to dental-related issues. It has also been observed from 2006 to 2009, there was a 21 percent increase in the number of people visiting ERs for dental-related problems. It is believed this increase will continue even in the coming years, as more people are postponing going to dentists.

Delay Will Cost More

If you do not seek early treatment for your dental problems or visit your dentist every 6 months for a checkup, you will spend more. According to a report furnished by Oral Health America, the “more” is equivalent to 10 times for managing the symptoms of your dental problem in the ER. The report also states that preventive dental care and management can save over $4 billion every year in the cost of the various treatments.

The Bottom Line

If you have a dental problem, even though you may feel it is insignificant, make an appointment with your dentist without delay. Otherwise, this small problem will grow over a period of time and turn into a serious dental health condition which will require you to spend a lot more than the initial cost.

So rather than being penny wise and pound foolish, you should act now. This simple act of yours will save you money down the road and also make the treatment more effective. You will avert serious issues. Not only will you save money on the treatment, you also will save money by not having your wages or salary deducted for being absent from work. So, what do you think?

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Dentists are constantly looking to expand their practices and at the same time increase client base.  In order to expand, you must increase the amount of cash flow you are bringing in otherwise your expenses will outpace the amount of cash flow coming in.  As long as this occurs you will not be able to sustain your business over time.

An ideal way to increase cash flow while growing your client base is to seek additional working capital to use for many purposes.  The main fact though is that you must sustain or increase your client base to keep a your practice viable. 

Since you operate a practice that deals with the public, you must realize you are offering offer a service that isn't on the top of mind of many individuals until the need arises.

Unfortunately, if your info is not handy the person in need of emergency dental care may go immediately to the internet and contact the 1st dentist that appears in their local listing.

The primary focus of the dentist is to keep your practice at the top of mind for individuals to help them contact you when the need arises.

The best way to accomplish this is to market the business effectively, which can be costly in many cases.

At Small Business Loans Depot we are contacted by many dentists who come to us inquiring about the various types of cash flow increases for additional working capital for their dental practices.

As a local dentist, it is very important to connect with local residents and fellow business owners in your community to steadily increase your client base. 

As I stated earlier many individuals do not even think about their teeth door until a problem arises or their mouth is in pain.

Local residents in your community rely on dentists to be available to take care of them, especially in emergency situations.   Even if they are not coming in for regular visits and checkups, when an emergency arises, the need must be met.

There are many ways to market your dental practice to the public which in the long run can bring in a steady supply of new clients to your business.

Ideally if you want to implement new marketing plans to your practice it will cost money.  If your cash flow is not on the upswing, Small Business Loans Depot has many working capital loan and bank statement loan programs that are designed to help cash flow.

As long as you have  have at least 4 months in business and 3 months of verifiable revenue you may be eligible for one of our loan programs and the money may be used for any purpose including marketing. 

Once your receive your working capital from Small Business Loans Depot's various loan programs you may want to hire additional staff or begin to offer tours of your dental practice or an open house to show off your office to make potential clients comfortable about coming to your practice. This will that will improve the overall value of the reputation of your practice in the community. 

As I stated earlier many individuals don't think about maintaining their teeth until there is a problem which needs to be addressed. 

With the working capital received you may hire an SEO or marketing expert which can assist you in putting together neighborhood promotions that can help you get the word out on your practice.

Also you can take advantage of other media such as local billboards, tv or radio ads that will make the public aware of your practice which will place your business in the minds of individuals in your community.

Once you receive your working capital loan you can then place a certain amount for additional staff and also put together an advertising budget which will get the word out to people and then bring in additional new clients to help increase your cash flow for the entire year to help you continue to market to bring in new clients. 

A good way to widen your base of contacts is to form a partnership with local doctors and chiropractors who have a wide base of customers they deal with and can refer your services. In return you can do the same for them.  

You may want to hire a marketing expert with your additional cash flow to help you produce a television commercial can be costly for a small business, but equipped with a digital camera with recording capabilities, a tripod and with the help of your staff, you can create a 60-second commercial which is a great way to showcase your practice and show the local residents what services and products you have to offer.

Ed Rogers of Small Business Loans Depot has many years of consulting experience and can help you find the additional clients you are seeking. 

Dental surgery or even a routine visit to a dentist usually gives jitters to most people. Thankfully, technology is advancing rapidly and so are the ways and means of treatment. Today, a visit to the dentist is nothing to dread anymore. You can visit the dentist, get your treatment and return home without feeling like you have been robbed off your sanity. Modern technological advancements and development have also given way to newer ways and methods to treat the problem. One upcoming and new addition is the advent and increasing use of dental implants by dentists these days.

What exactly are dental implants?

Dental implants are basically anchors used by the dentists to any kind of dental prosthesis like the denture, bridge or crown that interface and bind to the bone or the jaw and provide support to the prosthesis. They are hard and do not cause any harm to the body in any manner. These implants are made of materials like titanium that are easy to be imbibed or in medical terms, “osseointegrate” into the bone structure. Once the dental implant is accepted and adjusted in the body, jaw or skull, then the dental prosthesis is placed on it.

Image Credit : aaid-implant.org

What are the uses of a dental implant and why should one use them?

Dental implants are an invasive treatment, but one that would provide you with a permanent solution to the dental issues without showing any marked variations on the outside. It would help you retain your natural smile and look of your gums and teeth.

• Dental implants assimilate with the existing teeth and no one will know about tooth surgery or treatment
• If there is excessive movement in the denture, lower one, this can be taken care off and addressed by the use of implants with ball and socket retention.
• It can be used to replace a single tooth or multiple teeth.

The next conclusive and obvious question is why should you use dental implants over already existing treatments, the answer is simple, it is better.

• It heals faster and is a permanent treatment to many of your dental problems
• If you have a whole denture replaced, you can start eating all kinds of food without having to worry about pressure on your denture or any kind of inklings in the mouth
• Dental implants are as good as the natural teeth and retain all their abilities and functions
• You do not need to feel embarrassed about having lost a tooth or multiple teeth, as no one will ever know or find out about the implants.
• No need for restoration or repeated follow up visits to doctors
• Limited, reduced or least damage to existing bone structure and jaw

Take the advice of your doctor

Just as these dental implants are effective they could be a cost evaluation option for many of you. So, visit our dentist and make an informed decision in consultation with your dentist. There could be a chance that dental implants would not work for you in case there are certain complexities. While dental implants are the way of treatment in coming future, it is important to consult your doctor before you proceed with them. Your dentist is the best person to guide you in the right direction of treatment.

Does your child have a lisp? It could be caused by his or her crooked teeth.

Many younger children (as young as age 7) could use orthodontic treatments to help correct speech impediments caused by crooked teeth.

In fact, many younger children could benefit from orthodontic treatments to correct a variety of issues, including jaw and some bite problems (such as an underbite). Such early orthodontic treatment can help ensure your child’s mouth has room for her permanent teeth, reducing the chance of having to have teeth pulled when she’s older.

Having your young child undergo “early” orthodontic treatment can help prevent major issues as he grows older.

How can you tell if your child needs early orthodontic treatment?

• Your child has a speech impediment, such as a lisp.
• She breaths through her mouth most of the time.
• He lost his baby teeth early or late (most children start losing their baby teeth at about age 5 and have all of their permanent teeth by about age 13).
• Your child has difficulty biting and/or chewing.
• She continues to suck her thumb after the age of 5.
• He has protruding teeth in which his top and bottom teeth extend away from each other.
• Your child’s teeth don’t come together at all.
• Your child’s jaw “shifts” whenever he open or closes his mouth (he has a crossbite).
• Her front teeth become crowded (this often occurs at around age 7 or 8).

By the time most permanent teeth have erupted (by age 13), your child’s jaw bones will have hardened and stopped growing. Waiting to have orthodontic procedures until your child’s a teen usually takes longer and can entail pulling teeth and/or oral surgery.

Orthodontic treatments performed as a youngster can prevent the need for such treatments as an adult, as well as reducing the need for oral surgery and/or tooth extraction.

If your child has crooked teeth, a lisp, sucks his or her thumb or is presenting other signs that orthodontic care could be beneficial, contact your family dentist for an appointment, examination of your child’s mouth and jaw, and a consultation regarding possible procedures.

Photo courtesy of arztsamui/FreeDigitalPhotos.net

Although oral surgery may not be as complex as physical surgery, it can be equally traumatic and discomforting, if not more. You may have to endure pain for 3 - 4 days post surgery in addition to swelling and other physical discomforts. However, if you take proper precautions and good care, you may experience lesser pain and your wound may heal quickly. In this article, we have listed some simple tips for taking care of yourself post oral surgery.

Immediate Care:

Oral surgeries are mostly done on an outpatient basis. Meaning, you will be sent home immediately after surgery. Your dentist may give you a list of 'Dos & Don'ts' along with a set of prescription medicines. However, when you get home, you will largely have to rely upon home remedies to care for yourself. These are the tips you should follow immediately post oral surgery.

Stop Bleeding

Your dental clinic staff will provide gauze pads to stop bleeding. Do not change the gauze pad frequently unless absolutely necessary. Clench the gauze pad between your teeth to exert gentle but firm pressure. This will help to prevent excess blood loss. Bleeding should subside within 3 - 4 hours post surgery.

Diet

It will not be possible for you to consume normal diet immediately after surgery. Hence, make sure you stock up on fruit juices, soups and ice-creams. Take small swigs or morsels without disturbing the affected area. If you still experience numbness, avoid eating from the wounded side altogether.

Apply Ice-Packs

Frequently applying ice-packs help in reducing swelling. You may need to apply ice-packs every half an hour during the first few hours after surgery.

Other Precautions

• Do not suck, spit for a few hours, as it can open wound and restart bleeding. Avoid drinking from straws or making swishing movements.
• Brush your teeth gently. Do not make vigorous movements.
• Take your medicines on time. Typically, your dentist will prescribe a pain-killer like ibuprofen every 5 - 6 hours to alleviate pain.
• Do not smoke, as it can delay healing.
• Eat crackers or drink soda to overcome nausea, which is prevalent post oral surgery.

Gradual Care - 3 to 4 Days Post Surgery:

After the first couple of days, you may feel much better as the pain reduces significantly. However, you may still have swelling for another 3 - 4 days. You should continue to care for your wound during this period as well.

• Eat soft, nutritious foods like scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes and bananas
• Rinse your mouth with an anti-septic mouth wash or salt water
• Stay hydrated by drinking lots of fresh fruit juices, water etc
• Apply ice pack 3 - 4 times a day depending upon swelling
• Brush your teeth gently for at least a week post oral surgery

The most important tip to promote healing and reducing discomfort is to take adequate rest. Do not exert yourself too much until the wound heals.